Velho mestre

Período coberto

Nos séculos XVIII e XIX, o termo era frequentemente entendido como tendo uma data inicial de talvez 1450 ou 1470; As pinturas feitas antes disso eram "primitivas", mas essa distinção não é mais feita. O Oxford English Dictionary define o termo como "um artista preeminente do período anterior ao moderno; esp. Um pintor da Europa Ocidental eminente dos séculos XIII a XVIII". A primeira citação dada é de 1696, no Diário de John Evelyn: "Meu L: Pembroke .. Melhou -me diversas fotos raras de muitos dos velhos e melhores mestres, especialmente a de M: Angelo .., e um grande booke dos melhores desenhos dos antigos mestres. " O termo também é usado para se referir a uma pintura ou escultura feita por um antigo mestre, um uso datável de uso para 1824. Existem termos comparáveis ​​em holandês, francês e alemão; Os holandeses podem ter sido os primeiros a usar esse termo, no século 18, quando Oude Meester significava principalmente pintores da Era de Ouro holandesa do século anterior. Les Maitres d'Autrefois de 1876 por Eugene Fromentin pode ter ajudado a popularizar o conceito, embora "Vieux Maitres" também seja usado em francês. A famosa coleção em Dresden no Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister é um dos poucos museus a incluir o termo em seu nome real, embora muitos mais o usem no título de departamentos ou seções. A coleção no Museu Dresden para essencialmente para o período barroco.

A data final é necessariamente vaga - por exemplo, Goya (1746-1828) é certamente um velho mestre, embora ele ainda estivesse pintando e gravando sua morte em 1828. O termo também pode ser usado para John Constable (1776-1837) ou Eugène Delacroix (1798-1868), mas geralmente não é. Edward Lucie-Smith dá uma data de término de 1800, observando "anteriormente usado em pinturas antes de 1700".

O termo tende a ser evitado pelos historiadores da arte como vago demais, especialmente ao discutir pinturas, embora os termos "impressões mestres antigas" e "desenhos mestres antigos" ainda sejam usados. Ele permanece atual no comércio de arte. As casas de leilão ainda geralmente dividem suas vendas entre, por exemplo, "pinturas mestres antigas", "pinturas do século XIX" e "pinturas modernas". Christie definiu o termo como variando "do dia 14 ao início do século 19".

Artistas anônimos

Os artistas, na maioria das vezes, desde os primeiros períodos, cuja mão foi identificada pelos historiadores da arte, mas a quem nenhuma identidade pode ser anexada com confiança, geralmente recebe nomes de historiadores de arte como o mestre E.S. (De seu monograma), Mestre de Flémalle (de um local anterior de uma obra), Mestre de Maria da Borgonha (de um patrono), mestre do latim 757 (da marca de prateleira de um manuscrito que ele iluminou), mestre do Brunswick Diptych, ou Mestre de Schloss Lichtenstein.

Lista dos mais importantes pintores mestres antigos

Gótico/proto-renascentista

Cimabue (Italian, 1240–1302), frescoes in the Basilica of San Francesco d'AssisiGiotto di Bondone (Italian, 1267–1337), first Renaissance fresco painterDuccio (Italian, 1255–1318), Sienese painterSimone Martini (Italian, 1285–1344), Gothic painter of the Sienese SchoolAmbrogio Lorenzetti (Italian, c. 1290–1348), Gothic painterPietro Lorenzetti (Italian, c. 1280–1348), Sienese schoolGentile da Fabriano (Italian, 1370–1427), International gothic painterLorenzo Monaco (Italian, 1370–1425), International gothic styleMasolino (Italian, c. 1383–c. 1447), Goldsmith trained painterPisanello (Italian, c. 1395–c. 1455), International gothic painter and medallistSassetta (Italian, c. 1392–1450), Sienese International Gothic painter

Renascença inicial

Paolo Uccello (Italian, 1397–1475), schematic use of foreshorteningFra Angelico (Italian, 1400–1455), noted for San Marco convent frescoesMasaccio (Italian, 1401–1428), first to use linear perspective thereby giving sense of three-dimensionality plus developed new realismFra Filippo Lippi (Italian, 1406–1469), father of FilippinoAndrea del Castagno (Italian, 1410–1457)Piero della Francesca (Italian, 1415–1492), painter who pioneered linear perspectiveBenozzo Gozzoli (Italian, 1420–1497)Alesso Baldovinetti (Italian, 1425–1499)Vincenzo Foppa (Italian, 1425–1515)Antonello da Messina (Italian, 1430–1479), painter who pioneered oil paintingCosimo Tura (Italian, 1430–1495)Andrea Mantegna (Italian, 1431–1506), master of perspective and detailAntonio del Pollaiuolo (Italian, 1431–1498)Francesco Cossa (Italian, 1435–1477)Melozzo da Forli (Italian, 1438–1494)Luca Signorelli (Italian, 1441–1523)Perugino (Italian, c. 1446–1523), Raphael was his pupilVerrocchio (Italian, c. 1435–1488)Sandro Botticelli (Italian, c. 1445–1510), great Florentine masterDomenico Ghirlandaio (Italian, 1449–1494), prolific Florentine fresco painterPinturicchio (Italian, 1454–1513)Filippino Lippi (Italian, 1457–1504), son of FilippoCima da Conegliano (Italian, 1459–1517)Piero di Cosimo (Italian, 1462–1521)

Alto Renascença

Francesco Francia (Italian, 1450–1517)Leonardo da Vinci (Italian, 1452–1519), acclaimed oil painter and draughtsmanLorenzo Costa (Italian, 1460–1535)Fra Bartolommeo (Italian, 1472–1517)Michelangelo (Italian, 1475–1564), acclaimed sculptor, painter and architectBernardino Luini (Italian, c. 1480–1532)Raphael (Italian, 1483–1520), acclaimed painterIl Garofalo (Italian, 1481–1559)Ridolfo Ghirlandaio (Italian, 1483–1561)Andrea del Sarto (Italian; 1486–1530)Correggio (Italian, 1490–1534), painter from Parma noted for illusionistic frescoes and altarpiece oilsGiulio Romano (Italian, c. 1499–1546)

Escola Veneziana (Renascença, alto renascimento e maneirismo)

Domenico Veneziano (Italian, 1400–1461), Early RenaissanceJacopo Bellini (Italian, 1400–1470), Early RenaissanceGentile Bellini (Italian, 1429–1507), Early Renaissance, noted for historical scenes of Venice and portraits of its dogesGiovanni Bellini (Italian, 1430–1516), Early and High Renaissance, pioneer of luminous oil paintingBartolommeo Vivarini (Italian, 1432–1499), Early RenaissanceCarlo Crivelli (Italian, 1435–1495), Early RenaissanceAlvise Vivarini (Italian, 1445–1503), Early RenaissanceVittore Carpaccio (Italian, 1455–1526), Early RenaissanceGiorgione (Italian, 1477–1510), High Renaissance, pioneer of Venetian School of paintingTitian (Italian, c. 1488–1576), important High Renaissance-style exponent of colour painting in oils and frescoesPalma Vecchio (Italian, 1480–1528), High RenaissanceLorenzo Lotto (Italian, 1480–1556), High RenaissanceSebastiano del Piombo (Italian, 1485–1547), High RenaissanceJacopo Bassano (Italian, 1515–1592), Mannerist painter noted for portraiture and religious genre paintingTintoretto (Italian, 1518–1594), major Venetian Mannerist painter of monumental religious worksPaolo Veronese (Italian, c. 1528–1588), High Renaissance-style, one of Venice's leading colourists

Escola Sienesa

Giovanni di Paolo (Italian, 1403–1482), Early RenaissanceMatteo di Giovanni (Italian, 1430–1495), Early RenaissanceFrancesco di Giorgio (Italian, 1439–1502), Early RenaissanceIl Sodoma (Italian, 1477–1549), High RenaissanceBeccafumi (Italian, 1486–1551), High Renaissance-Mannerist

Renascença do norte

Robert Campin (Flemish, 1375–1444), Northern Renaissance artist who painted the "Mérode Altarpiece"Jan van Eyck (Flemish, c. 1390–1441), pioneer oil painterKonrad Witz (German, c. 1400–c. 1446)Rogier van der Weyden (Flemish, 1400–1464), Dutch artist and leading religious panel painterStefan Lochner (German, c. 1410–1451), German painter of the Cologne SchoolPetrus Christus (Flemish, c. 1410–c. 1476)Dirk Bouts (Flemish, 1420–1475)Simon Marmion (French, 1420–1489)Meister Francke (German, fl. 1424–1435)Hans Memling (German born-Flemish, 1430–1494), Flemish artist of the Bruges SchoolMartin Schongauer (German, 1430–1491)Michael Pacher (Austrian 1435–1498)Hugo van der Goes (Flemish, 1440–1483), oil painter from the NetherlandsHieronymus Bosch (Flemish, 1450–1516)Gerard David (Flemish, 1450–1523)Geertgen tot Sint Jans (Dutch, 1460–1490)Hans Holbein the Elder (German, 1460–1524)Quentin Matsys (Flemish, 1466–1530)Jan Mabuse (Flemish, 1470–1533)Matthias Grünewald (German, 1470–1528), noted for his intense expressionist religious paintingsAlbrecht Dürer (German, 1471–1528), greatest painter and printmaker of the Northern RenaissanceLucas Cranach the Elder (German, 1472–1553), leading German Renaissance painterHans Burgkmair (German, 1473–1531)Jean Clouet (French, 1475–1547)Albrecht Altdorfer (German, 1480–1538), Danube School of paintingMaitre de Moulins (French, fl. 1480)Hans Baldung Grien (German, 1484–1545), German Renaissance artistJoachim Patenier (Flemish, 1485–1524), pioneer landscape painter of the Netherlandish RenaissanceJoos van Cleve (Flemish, 1485–1540)Bernard van Orley (Flemish, 1488–1541)Hans Springinklee (German, 1490–1540)Wolf Huber (Austrian, 1490–1553)Lucas van Leyden (Dutch, 1494–1533)Jan van Scorel (Dutch, 1495–1562)Hans Holbein the Younger (German, 1497–1543), one of the greatest portrait paintersGeorg Pencz (German, 1500–1550)Sebald Beham (German, 1500–1550)Barthel Beham (German, 1502–1540)Lucas Cranach the Younger (German, 1515–1586)Pieter Bruegel the Elder (Flemish, c.1525–1569), leading artist of his dayEgidius Sadeler (Flemish, 1570–1629)

Renascença espanhola

Bartolomé Bermejo (Spanish, c. 1440–c. 1501)Alonso Berruguete (Spanish, c. 1488–1561)Luis de Morales (Spanish, 1512–1586)Alonso Sánchez Coello (Spanish-Portuguese, 1531–1588)El Greco (Greek-born Spanish, 1541–1614), noted for his dazzling spiritual works and portraits

Maneirismo

Dosso Dossi (Italian, 1479–1542)Alfonso Lombardi (Italian, 1487–1537)Bartolommeo Bandinelli (Italian, 1493–1560)Pontormo (Italian, 1494–1556), Florentine fresco/oil painterRosso Fiorentino (Italian, 1494–1540)Maarten van Heemskerck (Dutch, 1498–1574)Alessandro Moretto (Italian, 1498–1555)Giulio Clovio (Croatian-born Italian, 1498–1578)Niccolo Tribolo (Italian, 1500–1550)Parmigianino (Italian, 1503–1540), Mannerist painter/etcher from ParmaBronzino (Italian, 1503–1572)Jacob Seisenegger (Austrian, 1505–1567)Pieter Aertsen (Dutch, 1508–1575)François Clouet (French 1510–1572)Giorgio Vasari (Italian, 1511–1575), known for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and ArchitectsAntonio Moro (Flemish, 1519–1576)Giovanni Battista Moroni (Italian, 1525–1578)Federico Barocci (Italian, 1526–1612)Giuseppe Arcimboldo (Italian, 1527–1593), best known for his bizarre Mannerist fruit and vegetable portraitsGiambologna (Italian, 1529–1608), hugely influential Mannerist sculptorDenis Calvaert (Flemish, 1540–1619)Scipione Pulzone (Italian, 1542–1598)Bartholomeus Spranger (Flemish, 1546–1611)Karel van Mander (Flemish, 1548–1606)Abraham Bloemaert (Dutch, 1566–1651)Joachim Wtewael (Dutch, 1566–1638)Adam Elsheimer (German, 1578–1610), influential German landscape and history painter who influenced Rubens

Pintura barroca

Antonio Tempesta (Italian, 1555–1630)Ludovico Carracci (Italian, 1555–1619)Bartolomeo Cesi (Italian, 1556–1629)Agostino Carracci (Italian, 1557–1602)Lodovico Cigoli (Italian, 1559–1613)Bartolomeo Carducci (Italian, 1560–1610)Annibale Carracci (Italian, 1560–1609), leader of the academismOrazio Gentileschi (Italian, 1563–1639)Hans Rottenhammer (German, 1564–1625)Pieter Brueghel the Younger (Flemish, 1564–1636)Francisco Pacheco (Spanish, 1564–1654)Francisco Ribalta (Spanish, 1565–1628)Jan Brueghel the Elder (Flemish, 1568–1625)Juan Martínez Montañés (Spanish, 1568–1649)Caravaggio (Italian, 1573–1610), noted for his figurative realism and TenebrismGuido Reni (Italian, 1575–1642)Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577–1640), foremost Baroque history painter and portraitistAdam Elsheimer (German, 1578–1610)Bernardo Strozzi (Italian, 1581–1644)Juan Bautista Maíno (Spanish, 1581–1649)Johann Liss (German, 1590–1631)Jusepe de Ribera (Spanish, 1591– 1652), Naples-based religious realist painter and printmakerGuercino (Italian, 1591–1666)Artemisia Gentileschi (Italian, 1592–1656)Georges de La Tour (French, 1593–1652)Jacob Jordaens (Flemish, 1593–1678)Louis Le Nain (French, 1593–1648)Nicolas Poussin (French, 1594–1665), main classical artist of his timePietro da Cortona (Italian, 1596–1669), painter and architectFrancisco de Zurbarán (Spanish, 1598–1664), master of chiaroscuro known for his religious paintings and still lifesGian Lorenzo Bernini (Italian, 1598–1680), the dominant sculptor and architect of the eraAntoine Le Nain (French, 1599–1648)Anthony van Dyck (Flemish, 1599–1641), portraitist living in LondonDiego Velázquez (Spanish, 1599–1660), regarded as the greatest artist of the Spanish Golden AgeClaude Lorrain (French, 1600–1682), landscape artistAlonso Cano (Spanish, 1601–1667)Jan Brueghel the Younger (Flemish, 1601–1678)Mathieu Le Nain (French, 1607–1677)Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione (Italian, 1609–1664)Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo (Spanish, c. 1612–1667)Mattia Preti (Italian, 1613–1699)Salvator Rosa (Italian, 1613–1673)Juan Carreño de Miranda (Spanish, 1614–1685)Carlo Dolci (Italian, 1616–1686)Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Spanish, 1617–1682), one of the most influential religious paintersCharles Le Brun (French, 1619–1690), leading painter in the court of Louis XIVJuan de Valdés Leal (Spanish, 1622–1690)Pedro de Mena (Spanish, 1628–1688)Luca Giordano (Italian, 1634–1705)

Age de ouro holandês e pintura barroca flamenga

Roelant Savery (Flemish, 1576–1639)Frans Snyders (Flemish, 1578–1657), master of Baroque still life from the Antwerp SchoolFrans Hals (Flemish-born Dutch, 1580–1666), one of the greatest post-Renaissance portraitistsPieter Lastman (Dutch, 1583–1633)Hendrick Terbrugghen (Dutch, 1588–1629), Dutch Realist genre painter and a leading member of the Utrecht CaravaggistiGerrit van Honthorst (Dutch, 1590–1636)Dirck van Baburen (Dutch, 1595–1624)Matthias Stom (Dutch, 1600–1652)Adriaen Brouwer (Flemish, c. 1605–1638), noted for his tavern-based genre paintingsRembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606–1669), history painting, portraits, etchingsJan Lievens (Dutch, 1607–1674)Jacob Adriaensz Backer (Dutch, 1608–1651)Ferdinand Bol (Dutch, 1616–1680)Jan Havickszoon Steen (Dutch, 1625–1679), Leiden School, tavern genre scenesJan Davidsz de Heem (Dutch, 1609–1683), still-life artist of the Utrecht/Antwerp SchoolDavid Teniers the Younger (Flemish, 1610–1690), Dutch Realist known for his peasant/guardroom scenesAdriaen van Ostade (Dutch, 1610–1685), peasant scene artist of the Haarlem SchoolGovert Flinck (Dutch, 1615–1660)Gerrit Dou (Dutch, 1613–1675)Frans van Mieris the Elder (Dutch, 1635–1681)Gerard Terborch (Dutch, 1617–1681), Haarlem School genre painterWillem Kalf (Dutch, 1619–1693), noted for still-life picturesAelbert Cuyp (Dutch, 1620–1691), Dordrecht School landscape painterSamuel van Hoogstraten (Dutch, 1627–1678), genre painterJan de Bray (Dutch, 1627–1697)Jacob van Ruisdael (Dutch, 1628–1682), Haarlem School landscape artistGabriel Metsu (Dutch, 1629–1667), intimate small-scale genre scenesPieter de Hooch (Dutch, 1629–1683), Delft School of Dutch genre paintingJohannes Vermeer (Dutch, 1632–1675), Delft School Dutch genre painter, little-known in his own lifetimeMeindert Hobbema (Dutch, 1638–1709)Aert de Gelder (Dutch, 1645–1727)Adriaen van der Werff (Dutch, 1659–1722)Rachel Ruysch (Dutch, 1664–1750), important female flower painter from Amsterdam

Rococó

Giovanni Battista Piazzetta (Italian, 1682–1754), master of the frescoJean-Antoine Watteau (French, 1684–1721), author of the first fête galanteGiovan Battista Pittoni (Italian, 1687–1767), known for sacred families and childrenGiovanni Battista Tiepolo (Italian, 1691–1770), known for his frescoes, as in Würzburg ResidenceJean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (French, 1699–1779), important 18th-century still-life artistFrançois Boucher (French, 1703–1770), noted for female nudesCharles-André van Loo (French, 1705– 1765) painter of portraiture, religion, mythology, allegory, and genre scenes.Pompeo Batoni (Italian, 1708–1787)Martin Johann Schmidt (Austrian, 1718–1801), important 18th-century Austrian Late Baroque painterJean-Baptiste Greuze (French, 1725–1805), important 18th-century painterFrançois-Hubert Drouais (French, 1727– 1775) French portraitist to the royal family, King Louis XV and Queen Marie Leczinska, and members of the nobilityJean-Honoré Fragonard (French, 1732–1806)Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (French, 1755–1842), later Neoclassical

Britânico

Nicholas Hilliard (English, c. 1547–1619), goldsmith, limner, and painter best known for his portrait miniatures of Elizabethan nobilityWilliam Dobson (English, 1611–1646)John Michael Wright (English-Scottish, c. 1617–1694)Peter Lely (Dutch-born English, 1618–1680)Godfrey Kneller (English, 1646–1723)James Thornhill (English, c. 1675–1734)William Hogarth (English, 1697–1764)Allan Ramsay (Scottish, 1713–1784)Joshua Reynolds (English, 1723–1792)Thomas Gainsborough (English, 1727–1788)Joseph Wright of Derby (English, 1734–1797)George Romney (English, 1734–1802)John Opie (English, 1761–1807)Thomas Lawrence (English, 1769–1830)

Vedutismo

Canaletto (Italian, 1697–1768), famous for vedutas of VeniceGiovanni Paolo Panini (Italian, 1691–1765)Francesco Zuccarelli (Italian, 1702–1789), known for Arcadian landscapesFrancesco Guardi (Italian, 1712–1793), view painter of Venice SchoolGiambattista Piranesi (Italian, 1720–1778)Bernardo Bellotto (Italian, 1720–1780), Canaletto's nephew depicting Warsaw

Neoclassicismo

Anton Raphael Mengs (German, 1728–1779), friend of Johann Joachim WinckelmannJohann Zoffany (German, 1733–1810)Benjamin West (American-born British, 1738–1820)Angelica Kauffman (Swiss-born, 1741–1807)Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748–1825), chief artist of the French Revolution and NapoleonAntoine-Jean Gros (French, 1771–1835), pupil of Jacques-Louis DavidJean Auguste Dominique Ingres (French, 1780–1867)

Romantismo

Hubert Robert (French, 1733–1808), painter noted for picturesque depictions of ruinsFrancisco Goya (Spanish, 1746–1828)Henry Raeburn (Scottish, 1756–1823)William Blake (British, 1757–1827), symbolist religious painter, printmaker and book illustratorCaspar David Friedrich (German, 1774–1840)J. M. W. Turner (English, 1775–1851)John Constable (English, 1776–1837)Théodore Géricault (French, 1791–1824)Eugène Delacroix (French, 1798–1863)

Veja também

Master printmaker