geography
Geography (from Greek: γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. The first person to use the word γεωγραφία was Eratosthenes (276–194 BC). Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be.
Geography is often defined in terms of two branches: human geography and physical geography. Human geography is concerned with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across space and place. Physical geography is concerned with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere.
The four historical traditions in geographical research are spatial analyses of the natural and the human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the Earth sciences. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical sciences".
outlines
Geography
Continents and major geopolitical regions (non-continents are italicized)
Africa • Antarctica • Asia • Europe • North America • Oceania (includes Australia) • South America
Political divisions of the World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region
Africa
West Africa LocationWesternAfrica.png
Benin • Burkina Faso • Cape Verde • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) • Liberia • Mali • Mauritania • Niger • Nigeria (Rivers State) • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Togo
North Africa LocationNorthernAfrica.png
Algeria • Egypt (Cairo) • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Sudan • South Sudan •Tunisia • Western Sahara
Central Africa LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png
Angola • Burundi • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Chad • The Democratic Republic of the Congo • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • Republic of the Congo • Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe
East Africa LocationEasternAfrica.png
Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mauritius • Mozambique • Rwanda • Seychelles • Somalia • Tanzania • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Southern Africa LocationSouthernAfrica.png
Botswana • Eswatini (Swaziland) • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa (Cape Town)
Dependencies
Mayotte (France) • St. Helena (UK) • Puntland • Somaliland • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Antarctica
None
Asia
Central Asia
Kazakhstan • Kyrgyzstan • Tajikistan • Turkmenistan • Uzbekistan
East Asia
China
Tibet
Hong Kong • Macau
Japan (Kyoto) • North Korea • South Korea • Mongolia • Taiwan
North Asia
Russia
Southeast Asia
Brunei • Cambodia • East Timor (Timor-Leste) • Indonesia (Jakarta) • Laos • Malaysia • Myanmar (Burma) • Philippines (Metro Manila) • Singapore • Thailand (Bangkok) • Vietnam
South Asia
Afghanistan • Bangladesh • Bhutan • Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka
India
States of India: Andhra Pradesh • Arunachal Pradesh • Assam • Bihar • Chhattisgarh • Goa • Gujarat • Haryana • Himachal Pradesh • Jharkhand • Karnataka • Kerala • Madhya Pradesh • Maharashtra • Manipur • Meghalaya • Mizoram • Nagaland • Odisha • Punjab • Rajasthan • Sikkim • Tamil Nadu • Telangana • Tripura • Uttar Pradesh • Uttarakhand • West Bengal
Union Territories of India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands • Chandigarh • Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu • Delhi • Jammu and Kashmir • Ladakh • Lakshadweep • Pondicherry
West Asia
Armenia • Azerbaijan • Bahrain • Cyprus (including disputed Northern Cyprus) • Georgia • Iran • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Kuwait • Lebanon • Oman • State of Palestine • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Turkey (Istanbul) • United Arab Emirates (Dubai) • Yemen
Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)
North Caucasus
Parts of Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)
South Caucasus
Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia, South Ossetia) • Armenia • Azerbaijan (including disputed Republic of Artsakh)
Europe Europe location.png
Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland • Albania • Andorra • Armenia • Austria (Vienna) • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic (Prague) • Denmark • Estonia • Faroe Islands • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany (Dresden, Munich) • Gibraltar • Greece (Athens) • Guernsey • Hungary • Iceland • Ireland • Isle of Man • Italy (Florence, Milan, Palermo, Rome, Turin) • Jersey • Kazakhstan • Kosovo • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia (Saint Petersburg) • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia •
Norway
Svalbard
Spain
Autonomous communities of Spain: Catalonia (Barcelona)
Sweden (Stockholm) • Switzerland (Geneva) • Turkey • Ukraine
United Kingdom
England (Cornwall, London) • Northern Ireland • Scotland (Edinburgh) • Wales
Vatican City
European Union
North America
Canada LocationCanadaAmerica.png
Provinces of Canada: • Alberta • British Columbia • Manitoba • New Brunswick • Newfoundland and Labrador • Nova Scotia • Ontario (Toronto) • Prince Edward Island • Quebec • Saskatchewan
Territories of Canada: Northwest Territories • Yukon
Greenland • Saint Pierre and Miquelon
United States Location USA in America.PNG
Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts (Boston) • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York (New York City) • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
Mexico Location mexico in america.jpg
Central America
Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama
Caribbean
Anguilla • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba • Bahamas • Barbados • Bermuda • British Virgin Islands • Cayman Islands • Cuba • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Grenada • Haiti • Jamaica • Montserrat • Netherlands Antilles • Puerto Rico • Saint Barthélemy • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Martin • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Trinidad and Tobago • Turks and Caicos Islands • United States Virgin Islands
Oceania (includes the continent of Australia) Location Australia.svg
Australasia
Australia (Sydney)
Dependencies/Territories of Australia
Christmas Island • Norfolk Island
New Zealand
Melanesia
Fiji • Indonesia (Oceanian part only) • New Caledonia (France) • Papua New Guinea • Solomon Islands • Vanuatu •
Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia • Guam (US) • Kiribati • Marshall Islands • Nauru • Northern Mariana Islands (US) • Palau •
Polynesia
American Samoa (US) • Cook Islands (NZ) • French Polynesia (France) • Hawaii (US) • Niue (NZ) • Pitcairn Islands (UK) • Samoa • Tokelau (NZ) • Tonga • Tuvalu • Wallis and Futuna (France)
South America Location of South America.svg
Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland Islands • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Suriname • Uruguay • Venezuela
South Atlantic
Geography
- Continents and major geopolitical regions (non-continents are italicized)
- Africa • Antarctica • Asia • Europe • North America • Oceania (includes Australia) • South America
- Political divisions of the World, arranged by continent or major geopolitical region
- Africa
- West Africa
- Benin • Burkina Faso •Cape Verde • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) • Liberia •Mali • Mauritania • Niger • Nigeria (Rivers State) • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Togo
- North Africa
- Algeria • Egypt (Cairo) • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Sudan • South Sudan •Tunisia • Western Sahara
- Central Africa
- Angola • Burundi • Cameroon •Central African Republic • Chad • The Democratic Republic of the Congo • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • São Tomé and Príncipe
- East Africa
- Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mauritius • Mozambique • Rwanda • Seychelles • Somalia • Tanzania • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
- Botswana • Eswatini (Swaziland) • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa (Cape Town)
- Dependencies
- Mayotte (France) • St. Helena (UK) • Puntland • Somaliland • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- Antarctica
- None
- Asia
- Central Asia
- Kazakhstan • Kyrgyzstan • Tajikistan • Turkmenistan • Uzbekistan
- East Asia
- China
- Tibet
- Hong Kong • Macau
- Japan (Kyoto) • North Korea • South Korea • Mongolia • Taiwan
- North Asia
- Russia
- Southeast Asia
- Brunei • Cambodia • East Timor (Timor-Leste) • Indonesia (Jakarta) • Laos • Malaysia • Myanmar (Burma) • Philippines (Metro Manila) • Singapore • Thailand (Bangkok) • Vietnam
- South Asia
- Afghanistan • Bangladesh • Bhutan • Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka
- India
- States of India: Andhra Pradesh • Arunachal Pradesh • Assam • Bihar • Chhattisgarh • Goa • Gujarat • Haryana • Himachal Pradesh • Jharkhand • Karnataka • Kerala • Madhya Pradesh • Maharashtra • Manipur • Meghalaya • Mizoram • Nagaland • Odisha • Punjab • Rajasthan • Sikkim • Tamil Nadu • Telangana • Tripura • Uttar Pradesh • Uttarakhand • West Bengal
- Union Territories of India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands • Chandigarh • Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu • Delhi • Jammu and Kashmir • Ladakh • Lakshadweep • Pondicherry
- West Asia
- Armenia • Azerbaijan • Bahrain • Cyprus (including disputed Northern Cyprus) • Georgia • Iran • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Kuwait • Lebanon • Oman • State of Palestine • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Turkey (Istanbul) • United Arab Emirates (Dubai) • Yemen
- Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)
- North Caucasus
- Parts of Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachai-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)
- South Caucasus
- Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia, South Ossetia) • Armenia • Azerbaijan (including disputed Republic of Artsakh)
- Europe
- Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland • Albania • Andorra • Armenia • Austria (Vienna) • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic (Prague) • Denmark • Estonia • Faroe Islands • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany (Dresden, Munich) • Gibraltar • Greece (Athens) • Guernsey • Hungary • Iceland • Ireland • Isle of Man • Italy (Florence, Milan, Palermo, Rome, Turin) • Jersey • Kazakhstan • Kosovo • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Malta • Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia (Saint Petersburg) • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia •
- Norway
- Svalbard
- Spain
- Autonomous communities of Spain: Catalonia (Barcelona)
- Sweden (Stockholm) • Switzerland (Geneva) • Turkey • Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- England (Cornwall, London) • Northern Ireland • Scotland (Edinburgh) • Wales
- Vatican City
- European Union
- North America
- Canada
- Provinces of Canada: • Alberta • British Columbia • Manitoba • New Brunswick • Newfoundland and Labrador • Nova Scotia • Ontario (Toronto) • Prince Edward Island • Quebec • Saskatchewan
- Territories of Canada: Northwest Territories • Yukon • Nunavut
- Greenland • Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- United States
- Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts (Boston) • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York (New York City) • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
- District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
- Mexico
- Central America
- Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama
- Caribbean
- Anguilla • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba • Bahamas • Barbados • Bermuda • British Virgin Islands • Cayman Islands • Cuba • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Grenada • Haiti • Jamaica • Montserrat • Netherlands Antilles • Puerto Rico • Saint Barthélemy • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Martin • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Trinidad and Tobago • Turks and Caicos Islands • United States Virgin Islands
- Oceania (includes the continent of Australia)
- Australasia
- Australia (Sydney)
- Dependencies/Territories of Australia
- Christmas Island • Norfolk Island
- New Zealand
- Melanesia
- Fiji • Indonesia (Oceanian part only) • New Caledonia (France) • Papua New Guinea • Solomon Islands • Vanuatu •
- Micronesia
- Federated States of Micronesia • Guam (US) • Kiribati • Marshall Islands • Nauru • Northern Mariana Islands (US) • Palau •
- Polynesia
- American Samoa (US) • Cook Islands (NZ) • French Polynesia (France) • Hawaii (US) • Niue (NZ) • Pitcairn Islands (UK) • Samoa • Tokelau (NZ) • Tonga • Tuvalu • Wallis and Futuna (France)
- South America
- Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland Islands • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Suriname • Uruguay • Venezuela
- South Atlantic
- Ascension Island • Saint Helena •Tristan da Cunha